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标准成本与平均成本的比较

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发表于 2008/1/30 17:01:39 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式

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<DIV id=siteName><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=Arial>Oracle Cost Management </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">提供了两种永续成本计算方法:标准成本计算和平均成本计算。</SPAN></DIV></DIV>
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<P><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">平均成本计算主要用于分销和其它产品成本波动较快的行业,或者在受法规和其它行业惯例规定时使用。平均成本计算无需设置标准。平均成本计算允许您:</SPAN></P>
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<LI style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">按移动加权平均成本计算库存值</SPAN></LI></UL></UL>
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<LI style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">无需预定义标准即可跟踪库存和制造成本</SPAN></LI></UL></UL>
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<LI style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">使用<B>实际</B>成本计算方法确定边际利润</SPAN></LI></UL></UL>
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<LI style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">根据历史成本评定组织绩效</SPAN></LI></UL></UL>
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<LI style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">将制造某个物料的所有直接成本包括在该物料的库存成本中</SPAN></LI></UL></UL>
<P><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">使用标准成本计算进行绩效评定和成本控制。标准成本计算允许您:</SPAN></P>
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<LI style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">按预定成本计算库存值</SPAN></LI></UL></UL>
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<LI style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">根据预计成本确定边际利润</SPAN></LI></UL></UL>
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<LI style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">记录实际成本与预计成本之间的差异</SPAN></LI></UL></UL>
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<LI style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">更新任何成本类型的标准成本</SPAN></LI></UL></UL>
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<LI style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">估算与标准成本相关的生产成本</SPAN></LI></UL></UL>
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<LI style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">根据预定义产品成本评定组织绩效</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> </SPAN></LI></UL></UL>
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<LI style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">估算产品成本以帮助管理层进行决策</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> </SPAN></LI></UL></UL>
<P><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">下表显示了平均成本计算和标准成本计算之间的功能差异。</SPAN></P>
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<TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ebe9ed; BACKGROUND: #e0e0e0; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #ebe9ed; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ebe9ed; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #ebe9ed">
<P><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">平均成本计算</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> </SPAN></B></P></TD>
<TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ebe9ed; BACKGROUND: #e0e0e0; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #ebe9ed; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ebe9ed; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #ebe9ed">
<P><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">标准成本计算</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> </SPAN></B></P></TD></TR>
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<TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ebe9ed; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #ebe9ed; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ebe9ed; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #ebe9ed" vAlign=top>
<P><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Oracle Inventory </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">的物料;</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Oracle Bills of Material </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">的所有成本要素</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> </SPAN></P></TD>
<TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ebe9ed; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #ebe9ed; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ebe9ed; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #ebe9ed" vAlign=top>
<P><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Oracle Inventory </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">的物料和物料间接费用;</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Oracle Bills of Material </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">的所有成本要素</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> </SPAN></P></TD></TR>
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<TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ebe9ed; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #ebe9ed; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ebe9ed; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #ebe9ed" vAlign=top>
<P><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">成本要素所占的物料成本</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> </SPAN></P></TD>
<TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ebe9ed; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #ebe9ed; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ebe9ed; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #ebe9ed" vAlign=top>
<P><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">成本子要素所占的物料成本</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> </SPAN></P></TD></TR>
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<TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ebe9ed; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #ebe9ed; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ebe9ed; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #ebe9ed" vAlign=top>
<P><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">数量不受限制的子要素</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> </SPAN></P></TD>
<TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ebe9ed; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #ebe9ed; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ebe9ed; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #ebe9ed" vAlign=top>
<P><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">数量不受限制的子要素</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> </SPAN></P></TD></TR>
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<TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ebe9ed; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #ebe9ed; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ebe9ed; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #ebe9ed" vAlign=top>
<P><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">无共享成本;平均成本在每个组织中单独维护</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> </SPAN></P></TD>
<TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ebe9ed; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #ebe9ed; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ebe9ed; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #ebe9ed" vAlign=top>
<P><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">可以在不使用</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> Oracle Work in Process </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">时在子组织间共享成本</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> </SPAN></P></TD></TR>
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<TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ebe9ed; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #ebe9ed; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ebe9ed; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #ebe9ed" vAlign=top>
<P><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">维护每个事务处理的平均单位成本</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> </SPAN></P></TD>
<TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ebe9ed; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #ebe9ed; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ebe9ed; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #ebe9ed" vAlign=top>
<P><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">不维护移动平均成本</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> </SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ebe9ed; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #ebe9ed; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ebe9ed; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #ebe9ed" vAlign=top>
<P><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">将每个成本组和成本要素的估价帐户分开</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> </SPAN></P></TD>
<TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ebe9ed; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #ebe9ed; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ebe9ed; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #ebe9ed" vAlign=top>
<P><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">将每个子库存和成本要素的估价帐户分开</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> </SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ebe9ed; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #ebe9ed; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ebe9ed; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #ebe9ed" vAlign=top>
<P><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Oracle Work in Process </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">中的事务处理之间差异较小或无差异</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> </SPAN></P></TD>
<TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #ebe9ed; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #ebe9ed; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #ebe9ed; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #ebe9ed" vAlign=top>
<P><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Oracle Work in Process </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">中的事务处理之间存在差异</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> </SPAN></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<P><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial"></SPAN></P>
<P><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">平均成本计算不能共享成本。您可以在每个组织中单独维护平均成本。</SPAN></P>
<P><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">在标准成本计算中,如果使用</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=Arial> Oracle Inventory </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">而不使用</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=Arial> Oracle Work in Process</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">,则可以在控制成本的组织中定义物料成本并在组织之间共享这些成本。如果在多个组织之间共享标准成本,则所有报表、查询和处理均会使用这些成本。您无需输入重复的成本。</SPAN></P>
<P><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"></SPAN><STRONG><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">注:</SPAN></STRONG><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">控制成本的组织可以是使用</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=Arial> Oracle Work in Process </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">或</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=Arial> Oracle Bills of Material </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">的制造组织。</SPAN></P>
<P><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">与控制成本的组织共享成本的组织不能使用</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=Arial> Oracle Bills of Material</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">。</SPAN></P>
<P><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">(USER GUIDE中COST有原文:Standard and Average Costing Compared)</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV>
发表于 2008/3/5 12:18:39 | 显示全部楼层

不错

先坐沙发
发表于 2008/3/5 20:51:58 | 显示全部楼层
一点一滴,我在认真学。
发表于 2008/3/6 23:06:27 | 显示全部楼层
想请教一下:在Oracle或者别的ERP里,是不是每个库存移动都会产生一笔财务分录的?还是同样的分录会在月末合并成一个分录?
发表于 2009/5/10 09:51:27 | 显示全部楼层
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